Dr Mohamed Ibrahim, FRCS (C/Th), Clinical Director of Cardiovascular Services, African| Medical Centre of Excellence (AMCE), Abuja
Across Africa, a quiet but life-threatening health crisis is emerging, leaving millions remain vulnerable to severe outcomes.
Across Africa, a major health crisis is accelerating quietly and, too often, unnoticed. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is rapidly becoming one of the continent’s most serious public health challenges, yet it still does not command the level of urgency it requires.
For decades, healthcare priorities across much of Africa have rightly focused on infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. While those diseases remain critical concerns, noncommunicable diseases, particularly cardiovascular
conditions, are now contributing to an increasingly significant share of mortality across the continent.
What makes cardiovascular disease especially dangerous is not only its scale, but also the subtle way in which it develops. Symptoms frequently emerge gradually through fatigue, headaches, palpitations, shortness of breath, or persistent loss of energy. These warning signs are often mistaken for stress, exhaustion, or the pressures of everyday life. As a result, many patients delay seeking medical attention until the disease has progressed to an advanced and potentially irreversible stage.
For some, the first major cardiovascular event is also the last.
Africa’s Growing Cardiovascular Burden
The scale of the challenge is reflected globally. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, cardiovascular disease remained the leading cause of death worldwide in 2023, accounting for an estimated 19.2 million deaths.
Africa is increasingly at the centre of this growing health challenge. As urbanisation accelerates and lifestyles evolve, exposure to cardiovascular risk factors continues to rise. The World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa noted in its 2024 progress report that low awareness, limited access to treatment, and growing exposure to lifestyle-related risk factors are contributing to the increasing burden of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases across the continent.
Nigeria illustrates the scale of the challenge clearly. According to the World Heart Federation, cardiovascular disease accounted for approximately 190,897 deaths in Nigeria in 2021, representing around 11% of all deaths recorded that year.
These figures underscore a broader reality: cardiovascular disease is no longer a distant or isolated threat. It is increasingly affecting families and communities across the continent, placing additional pressure on healthcare systems that are still developing the infrastructure and specialist capacity required to respond effectively.
The Need to Shift from Treatment to Prevention
Addressing this challenge will require a decisive shift from reactive care to prevention-led healthcare systems.
Routine health screenings, regular blood pressure monitoring, healthier diets, increased physical activity, and improved public awareness all have a critical role to play in reducing long-term cardiovascular risk. Early detection remains one of the most effective tools for improving outcomes.
At the same time, healthcare systems across Africa must continue strengthening specialist capabilities and referral pathways. Well-functioning referral networks, expanded specialist training, improved diagnostic capacity, and resilient emergency response systems are all essential to reducing avoidable mortality and improving patient outcomes.
The challenge is not simply treating advanced disease; it is creating systems capable of identifying and managing risk before it becomes life-threatening.
Expanding Access to Advanced Cardiovascular Care
Encouragingly, important progress is beginning to emerge across parts of the continent.
In Nigeria, African Medical Centre of Excellence (AMCE) in Abuja forms part of a broader effort to expand access to advanced cardiovascular care within Africa. The Centre has recently performed several complex and high-risk catheterisation laboratory coronary interventions, cardiac device implantations, and open-heart surgical procedures.
Among these was the treatment of a 55-year-old patient diagnosed with an acute Type A aortic dissection, a rare and life-threatening cardiovascular emergency requiring immediate surgical intervention.
The urgency associated with such cases cannot be overstated. Up to 50% of patients with acute Type A aortic dissection die before reaching hospital, while mortality risk increases significantly with every hour treatment is delayed. Surgery remains the only definitive lifesaving intervention.
The operation, which lasted approximately seven hours, involved a full repair of the dissection and represented a significant milestone, as procedures of this complexity remain rare across West Africa, including Nigeria. The patient recovered successfully following surgery.
This case represents more than an individual clinical success. It demonstrates that highly specialised, time-critical cardiovascular procedures can increasingly be performed within Africa itself. Expanding access to this level of care is essential to improving survival rates, reducing treatment delays, and ensuring more patients receive critical interventions when they are needed most.
A Continental Call to Action
While progress is encouraging, no single institution can address a challenge of this scale alone.
Governments, healthcare providers, private sector investors, development institutions, and local communities all have a role to play in strengthening cardiovascular care across Africa. Increased investment in healthcare infrastructure, specialist training, modern medical equipment, and emergency response capability will be critical to improving long-term outcomes.
Stronger collaboration between specialist centres and healthcare institutions across the continent will also be essential. Earlier diagnosis and faster referral pathways can make the difference between life and death for patients facing serious cardiovascular conditions.
The question is no longer whether Africa can build world-class cardiovascular capability. Increasingly, that capability already exists. The priority now is ensuring that patients across the continent are aware that advanced, life-saving care can be accessed within Africa itself.
